Simple SELECT Clause

The simple SELECT clause is the main SQL syntax to read and process existing data.

When used as a stand-alone statement, the simple SELECT clause is also called “the SELECT statement”. However, it is also a that can be combined with other constructs to form more complex .

Synopsis

The simple SELECT clause also has other applications not covered here, such as executing like SELECT current_timestamp();.

Required privileges

The user must have the SELECT on the tables used as operands.

Parameters

Parameter	Description
DISTINCT or ALL	See Eliminate Duplicate Rows.
DISTINCT ON ( a\_expr [, ...] )	DISTINCT ON followed by a list of within parentheses. See Eliminate Duplicate Rows.
target\_elem	A to compute a column in each result row. \* automatically retrieves all columns. If a column has the , it is not returned with \*. If target\_elem contains an , a GROUP BY clause can be used to further control the aggregation.
table\_ref	The you want to retrieve data from. Using two or more table expressions in the FROM sub-clause, separated with a comma, is equivalent to a expression.
AS OF SYSTEM TIME timestamp	Retrieve data as it existed . Note: Because AS OF SYSTEM TIME returns historical data, your reads might be stale.
WHERE a\_expr	Only retrieve rows that return TRUE for a\_expr, which must be a that returns Boolean values using columns (e.g., =).
GROUP BY a\_expr	Group results on one or more columns. When an follows SELECT as a target\_elem, or HAVING as an a\_expr, you can create aggregate groups on column groupings listed after GROUP BY. You can group columns by an alias (i.e., a label assigned to the column with an AS clause) rather than the column name. If aggregate groups are created on a full primary key, any column in the table can be selected as a target\_elem, or specified in a HAVING clause. If a selected column is in a , and the column references a higher scope, the column does not need to be included in the GROUP BY clause (if one exists). Using a GROUP BY clause in a statement without an aggregate function is equivalent to using a DISTINCT ON clause on the grouping columns.
HAVING a\_expr	Only retrieve aggregate function groups that return TRUE for a\_expr, which must be a that returns Boolean values using an aggregate function (e.g., =). HAVING works like the WHERE clause, but for aggregate functions.
WINDOW window\_definition\_list	A list of .

Eliminate duplicate rows

The DISTINCT subclause specifies to remove duplicate rows.

By default, or when ALL is specified, SELECT returns all the rows selected, without removing duplicates. When DISTINCT is specified, duplicate rows are eliminated.

Without ON, two rows are considered duplicates if they are equal on all the results computed by SELECT.

With ON, two rows are considered duplicates if they are equal only using the listed with ON. When two rows are considered duplicates according to DISTINCT ON, the values from the first FROM row in the order specified by are used to compute the remaining target expressions. If ORDER BY is not specified, CockroachDB will pick any one of the duplicate rows as first row, non-deterministically.

Examples

Setup

To follow along, run to start a temporary, in-memory cluster with the sample dataset preloaded:

$ cockroach demo

Choose columns

Retrieve specific columns

Retrieve specific columns by naming them in a comma-separated list:

> SELECT id, city, name FROM users LIMIT 10;

                   id                  |     city      |       name
+--------------------------------------+---------------+------------------+
  7ae147ae-147a-4000-8000-000000000018 | los angeles   | Alfred Garcia
  570a3d70-a3d7-4c00-8000-000000000011 | san francisco | Amy Cobb
  428f5c28-f5c2-4000-8000-00000000000d | seattle       | Anita Atkinson
  1eb851eb-851e-4800-8000-000000000006 | boston        | Brian Campbell
  23d70a3d-70a3-4800-8000-000000000007 | boston        | Carl Mcguire
  a8f5c28f-5c28-4800-8000-000000000021 | detroit       | Carl Russell
  147ae147-ae14-4b00-8000-000000000004 | new york      | Catherine Nelson
  99999999-9999-4800-8000-00000000001e | detroit       | Charles Montoya
  e147ae14-7ae1-4800-8000-00000000002c | paris         | Cheyenne Smith
  2e147ae1-47ae-4400-8000-000000000009 | washington dc | Cindy Medina
(10 rows)

Retrieve all columns

Retrieve all columns by using *:

> SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10;

                   id                  |   city    |        name        |            address             | credit_card
+--------------------------------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------------------------+-------------+
  c28f5c28-f5c2-4000-8000-000000000026 | amsterdam | Maria Weber        | 14729 Karen Radial             | 5844236997
  c7ae147a-e147-4000-8000-000000000027 | amsterdam | Tina Miller        | 97521 Mark Extensions          | 8880478663
  cccccccc-cccc-4000-8000-000000000028 | amsterdam | Taylor Cunningham  | 89214 Jennifer Well            | 5130593761
  d1eb851e-b851-4800-8000-000000000029 | amsterdam | Kimberly Alexander | 48474 Alfred Hollow            | 4059628542
  19999999-9999-4a00-8000-000000000005 | boston    | Nicole Mcmahon     | 11540 Patton Extensions        | 0303726947
  1eb851eb-851e-4800-8000-000000000006 | boston    | Brian Campbell     | 92025 Yang Village             | 9016427332
  23d70a3d-70a3-4800-8000-000000000007 | boston    | Carl Mcguire       | 60124 Palmer Mews Apt. 49      | 4566257702
  28f5c28f-5c28-4600-8000-000000000008 | boston    | Jennifer Sanders   | 19121 Padilla Brooks Apt. 12   | 1350968125
  80000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000019 | chicago   | Matthew Clay       | 49220 Lisa Junctions           | 9132291015
  851eb851-eb85-4000-8000-00000000001a | chicago   | Samantha Coffey    | 6423 Jessica Underpass Apt. 87 | 9437219051
(10 rows)

Filter rows

Filter on a single condition

Filter rows with expressions that use columns and return Boolean values in the WHERE clause:

> SELECT name, id FROM users WHERE city='seattle';

        name       |                  id
+------------------+--------------------------------------+
  Anita Atkinson   | 428f5c28-f5c2-4000-8000-00000000000d
  Patricia Herrera | 47ae147a-e147-4000-8000-00000000000e
  Holly Williams   | 4ccccccc-cccc-4c00-8000-00000000000f
  Ryan Hickman     | 51eb851e-b851-4c00-8000-000000000010
(4 rows)

Filter on multiple conditions

To use multiple WHERE filters join them with AND or OR. You can also create negative filters with NOT:

> SELECT * FROM vehicles WHERE city = 'seattle' AND status = 'available';

                   id                  |  city   | type |               owner_id               |       creation_time       |  status   |    current_location    |                  ext
+--------------------------------------+---------+------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------------------+----------------------------------------+
  44444444-4444-4400-8000-000000000004 | seattle | bike | 428f5c28-f5c2-4000-8000-00000000000d | 2019-01-02 03:04:05+00:00 | available | 37754 Farmer Extension | {"brand": "Merida", "color": "yellow"}
(1 row)

Filter values with a list

Using WHERE <column> IN (<comma separated list of values) performs an OR search for listed values in the specified column:

> SELECT name, id FROM users WHERE city IN ('new york', 'chicago', 'seattle');

        name       |                  id
+------------------+--------------------------------------+
  Matthew Clay     | 80000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000019
  Samantha Coffey  | 851eb851-eb85-4000-8000-00000000001a
  Jessica Martinez | 8a3d70a3-d70a-4000-8000-00000000001b
  John Hines       | 8f5c28f5-c28f-4000-8000-00000000001c
  Kenneth Barnes   | 947ae147-ae14-4800-8000-00000000001d
  Robert Murphy    | 00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000000
  James Hamilton   | 051eb851-eb85-4ec0-8000-000000000001
  Judy White       | 0a3d70a3-d70a-4d80-8000-000000000002
  Devin Jordan     | 0f5c28f5-c28f-4c00-8000-000000000003
  Catherine Nelson | 147ae147-ae14-4b00-8000-000000000004
  Anita Atkinson   | 428f5c28-f5c2-4000-8000-00000000000d
  Patricia Herrera | 47ae147a-e147-4000-8000-00000000000e
  Holly Williams   | 4ccccccc-cccc-4c00-8000-00000000000f
  Ryan Hickman     | 51eb851e-b851-4c00-8000-000000000010
(14 rows)

Select distinct rows

Columns without the or constraints can have multiple instances of the same value:

> SELECT name FROM users WHERE city in ('los angeles', 'washington dc');

         name
+---------------------+
  Ricky Beck
  Michael Brown
  William Wood
  Alfred Garcia
  Cindy Medina
  Daniel Hernandez MD
  Sarah Wang DDS
  Michael Brown
(8 rows)

Using DISTINCT, you can remove all but one instance of duplicate values from your retrieved data:

> SELECT DISTINCT name FROM users WHERE city in ('los angeles', 'washington dc');

         name
+---------------------+
  Ricky Beck
  Michael Brown
  William Wood
  Alfred Garcia
  Cindy Medina
  Daniel Hernandez MD
  Sarah Wang DDS
(7 rows)

Rename columns in output

Instead of outputting a column’s name in the retrieved table, you can change its label using AS:

> SELECT current_location AS ny_address, id, type, status FROM vehicles WHERE city = 'new york';

        ny_address       |                  id                  |    type    | status
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------+--------+
  64110 Richard Crescent | 00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000000 | skateboard | in_use
  86667 Edwards Valley   | 11111111-1111-4100-8000-000000000001 | scooter    | in_use
(2 rows)

This does not change the name of the column in the table. To do that, use .

Search for string values

Search for partial matches in columns using LIKE, which supports the following wildcard operators:

• % matches 0 or more characters.
• _ matches exactly 1 character.

For example:

> SELECT city, status, id FROM vehicles WHERE type LIKE 'scoot%';

      city      |  status   |                  id
+---------------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
  boston        | in_use    | 22222222-2222-4200-8000-000000000002
  detroit       | in_use    | 99999999-9999-4800-8000-000000000009
  minneapolis   | in_use    | aaaaaaaa-aaaa-4800-8000-00000000000a
  minneapolis   | available | bbbbbbbb-bbbb-4800-8000-00000000000b
  new york      | in_use    | 11111111-1111-4100-8000-000000000001
  san francisco | available | 55555555-5555-4400-8000-000000000005
  washington dc | in_use    | 33333333-3333-4400-8000-000000000003
(7 rows)

Aggregate functions

perform calculations on retrieved rows.

Perform aggregate function on entire column

By using an aggregate function as a target_elem, you can perform the calculation on the entire column.

> SELECT MIN(revenue) FROM rides;

  min
+------+
  0.00
(1 row)

You can also use the retrieved value as part of an expression. For example, you can use the result in the WHERE clause to select additional rows that were not part of the aggregate function itself:

> SELECT id, city, vehicle_id, rider_id
FROM rides
WHERE revenue = (
      SELECT
      MIN(revenue)
      FROM rides
);

                   id                  |    city     |              vehicle_id              |               rider_id
+--------------------------------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
  1f3b645a-1cac-4800-8000-00000000003d | boston      | 22222222-2222-4200-8000-000000000002 | 19999999-9999-4a00-8000-000000000005
  23d70a3d-70a3-4800-8000-000000000046 | boston      | 22222222-2222-4200-8000-000000000002 | 19999999-9999-4a00-8000-000000000005
  851eb851-eb85-4000-8000-000000000104 | chicago     | 88888888-8888-4800-8000-000000000008 | 851eb851-eb85-4000-8000-00000000001a
  85a1cac0-8312-4000-8000-000000000105 | chicago     | 88888888-8888-4800-8000-000000000008 | 947ae147-ae14-4800-8000-00000000001d
  722d0e56-0418-4400-8000-0000000000df | los angeles | 77777777-7777-4800-8000-000000000007 | 7ae147ae-147a-4000-8000-000000000018
  ae147ae1-47ae-4800-8000-000000000154 | minneapolis | aaaaaaaa-aaaa-4800-8000-00000000000a | b851eb85-1eb8-4000-8000-000000000024
  0dd2f1a9-fbe7-4c80-8000-00000000001b | new york    | 11111111-1111-4100-8000-000000000001 | 00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000000
  f4bc6a7e-f9db-4000-8000-0000000001de | rome        | eeeeeeee-eeee-4000-8000-00000000000e | f0a3d70a-3d70-4000-8000-00000000002f
(8 rows)

Perform aggregate function on retrieved rows

By filtering the statement, you can perform the calculation only on retrieved rows:

> SELECT SUM(revenue) FROM rides WHERE city IN ('new york', 'chicago');

    sum
+---------+
  4079.00
(1 row)

Filter columns fed into aggregate functions

You can use FILTER (WHERE <Boolean expression>) in the target_elem to filter which rows are processed by an aggregate function; those that return FALSE or NULL for the FILTER clause’s Boolean expression are not fed into the aggregate function:

> SELECT count(*) AS unfiltered, count(*) FILTER (WHERE revenue > 50) AS filtered FROM rides;

  unfiltered | filtered
+------------+----------+
         500 |      252
(1 row)

Create aggregate groups

Instead of performing aggregate functions on an the entire set of retrieved rows, you can split the rows into groups and then perform the aggregate function on each of them.

When creating aggregate groups, each column selected as a target_elem must be included in a GROUP BY clause.

For example:

> SELECT city, SUM(revenue) AS city_revenue FROM rides
WHERE city IN ('new york', 'chicago', 'seattle') GROUP BY city;

    city   | city_revenue
+----------+--------------+
  chicago  |      1990.00
  new york |      2089.00
  seattle  |      2029.00
(3 rows)

If the group is created on a primary key column, any column in the table can be selected as a target_elem. If a selected column is in a that references a higher scope, a GROUP BY clause is not needed.

Filter aggregate groups

To filter aggregate groups, use HAVING, which is the equivalent of the WHERE clause for aggregate groups, which must evaluate to a Boolean value.

For example:

> SELECT city, AVG(revenue) as avg FROM rides GROUP BY city
HAVING AVG(revenue) BETWEEN 50 AND 60;

      city      |          avg
+---------------+-----------------------+
  amsterdam     |                 52.50
  boston        | 52.666666666666666667
  los angeles   | 55.951219512195121951
  minneapolis   | 55.146341463414634146
  washington dc | 58.756097560975609756
(5 rows)

Use aggregate functions in having clause

Aggregate functions can also be used in the HAVING clause without needing to be included as a target_elem.

For example:

> SELECT vehicle_id, city FROM rides WHERE city IN ('new york', 'chicago', 'seattle')
GROUP BY vehicle_id, city HAVING COUNT(vehicle_id) > 20;

               vehicle_id              |   city
+--------------------------------------+----------+
  88888888-8888-4800-8000-000000000008 | chicago
  11111111-1111-4100-8000-000000000001 | new york
  44444444-4444-4400-8000-000000000004 | seattle
(3 rows)

Order aggregate function input rows by column

Non-commutative aggregate functions are sensitive to the order in which the rows are processed in the surrounding SELECT clause. To specify the order in which input rows are processed, you can add an clause within the function argument list.

For example, suppose you want to create an array of name values, ordered alphabetically, and grouped by city. You can use the following statement to do so:

> SELECT city, array_agg(name ORDER BY name) AS users FROM users WHERE city IN ('new york', 'chicago', 'seattle') GROUP BY city;

    city   |                                        users
+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
  new york | {"Catherine Nelson","Devin Jordan","James Hamilton","Judy White","Robert Murphy"}
  seattle  | {"Anita Atkinson","Holly Williams","Patricia Herrera","Ryan Hickman"}
  chicago  | {"Jessica Martinez","John Hines","Kenneth Barnes","Matthew Clay","Samantha Coffey"}
(3 rows)

You can also order input rows using a column different than the input row column. The following statement returns an array of revenue values from high-revenue rides, ordered by ride end_time:

> SELECT city, array_agg(revenue ORDER BY end_time) as revenues FROM rides WHERE revenue > 80 GROUP BY city;

      city      |                                    revenues
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
  amsterdam     | {87.00,95.00,87.00,85.00,87.00,85.00,88.00,95.00,86.00,97.00,98.00,87.00,82.00}
  boston        | {92.00,92.00,86.00,87.00,94.00}
  detroit       | {89.00,96.00,94.00,92.00,84.00}
  minneapolis   | {84.00,98.00,86.00,92.00,81.00,99.00,87.00,86.00,88.00,81.00}
  new york      | {83.00,94.00,86.00,95.00,81.00,91.00,94.00,81.00,81.00,90.00}
  san francisco | {96.00,85.00,96.00,84.00,94.00,87.00,93.00}
  chicago       | {82.00,98.00,84.00,99.00,91.00,90.00,83.00,82.00,91.00}
  los angeles   | {92.00,98.00,92.00,99.00,93.00,87.00,98.00,91.00,89.00,81.00,87.00}
  paris         | {87.00,94.00,98.00,98.00,95.00,81.00,99.00,94.00,95.00,82.00}
  rome          | {83.00,96.00,90.00,98.00,95.00,87.00,86.00,97.00}
  seattle       | {88.00,88.00,82.00,86.00,91.00,81.00,99.00}
  washington dc | {96.00,94.00,97.00,96.00,88.00,97.00,93.00}
(12 rows)

If you include multiple aggregate functions in a single SELECT clause, you can order the input rows of the multiple functions on different columns. For example:

> SELECT city, array_agg(revenue ORDER BY revenue) as revenues_by_revenue, array_agg(revenue ORDER BY end_time) as revenues_by_end_time FROM rides WHERE revenue > 90 GROUP BY city;

      city      |             revenues_by_revenue             |            revenues_by_end_time
+---------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
  amsterdam     | {95.00,95.00,97.00,98.00}                   | {95.00,95.00,97.00,98.00}
  boston        | {92.00,92.00,94.00}                         | {92.00,92.00,94.00}
  minneapolis   | {92.00,98.00,99.00}                         | {98.00,92.00,99.00}
  new york      | {91.00,94.00,94.00,95.00}                   | {94.00,95.00,91.00,94.00}
  paris         | {94.00,94.00,95.00,95.00,98.00,98.00,99.00} | {94.00,98.00,98.00,95.00,99.00,94.00,95.00}
  san francisco | {93.00,94.00,96.00,96.00}                   | {96.00,96.00,94.00,93.00}
  chicago       | {91.00,91.00,98.00,99.00}                   | {98.00,99.00,91.00,91.00}
  detroit       | {92.00,94.00,96.00}                         | {96.00,94.00,92.00}
  los angeles   | {91.00,92.00,92.00,93.00,98.00,98.00,99.00} | {92.00,98.00,92.00,99.00,93.00,98.00,91.00}
  rome          | {95.00,96.00,97.00,98.00}                   | {96.00,98.00,95.00,97.00}
  seattle       | {91.00,99.00}                               | {91.00,99.00}
  washington dc | {93.00,94.00,96.00,96.00,97.00,97.00}       | {96.00,94.00,97.00,96.00,97.00,93.00}
(12 rows)

Group by an alias

If a query includes an alias (i.e., a label assigned to the column with an AS clause), you can group the aggregations in the query by the alias rather than by the column name. For example:

> SELECT city AS c, SUM(revenue) AS c_rev FROM rides GROUP BY c;

        c       |  c_rev
----------------+----------
  amsterdam     | 2966.00
  boston        | 3019.00
  los angeles   | 2772.00
  new york      | 2923.00
  paris         | 2849.00
  rome          | 2653.00
  san francisco | 2857.00
  seattle       | 2792.00
  washington dc | 2797.00
(9 rows)

Select from a specific index

By using the explicit index annotation, you can override CockroachDB’s index selection and use a specific when reading from a named table.

Index selection can impact , but does not change the result of a query.

Force index scan

The syntax to force a scan of a specific index is:

> SELECT * FROM table@my_idx;

This is equivalent to the longer expression:

> SELECT * FROM table@{FORCE_INDEX=my_idx};

Force reverse scan

The syntax to force a reverse scan of a specific index is:

> SELECT * FROM table@{FORCE_INDEX=my_idx,DESC};

Forcing a reverse scan is sometimes useful during . For reference, the full syntax for choosing an index and its scan direction is

SELECT * FROM table@{FORCE_INDEX=idx[,DIRECTION]}

where the optional DIRECTION is either ASC (ascending) or DESC (descending).

When a direction is specified, that scan direction is forced; otherwise the is free to choose the direction it calculates will result in the best performance.

You can verify that the optimizer is choosing your desired scan direction using . For example, given the table

> CREATE TABLE kv (K INT PRIMARY KEY, v INT);

you can check the scan direction with:

> EXPLAIN (opt) SELECT * FROM users@{FORCE_INDEX=primary,DESC};

                 text
+-------------------------------------+
  scan users,rev
   └── flags: force-index=primary,rev
(2 rows)

Force partial index scan

To force a , your statement must have a WHERE clause that implies the partial index filter.

CREATE TABLE t (
  a INT,
  INDEX idx (a) WHERE a > 0);
INSERT INTO t(a) VALUES (5);
SELECT * FROM t@idx WHERE a > 0;

CREATE TABLE

Time: 13ms total (execution 12ms / network 0ms)

INSERT 1

Time: 22ms total (execution 21ms / network 0ms)

  a
-----
  5
(1 row)

Time: 1ms total (execution 1ms / network 0ms)

Force partial GIN index scan

To force a scan, your statement must have a WHERE clause that:

• Implies the partial index.
• Constrains the GIN index scan.

DROP TABLE t;
CREATE TABLE t (
  j JSON,
  INVERTED INDEX idx (j) WHERE j->'a' = '1');
INSERT INTO t(j)
  VALUES ('{"a": 1}'),
         ('{"a": 3, "b": 2}'),
         ('{"a": 1, "b": 2}');
SELECT * FROM t@idx WHERE j->'a' = '1' AND j->'b' = '2';

DROP TABLE

Time: 68ms total (execution 22ms / network 45ms)

CREATE TABLE

Time: 10ms total (execution 10ms / network 0ms)

INSERT 3

Time: 22ms total (execution 22ms / network 0ms)

         j
--------------------
  {"a": 1, "b": 2}
(1 row)

Time: 1ms total (execution 1ms / network 0ms)

Prevent full scan

• To prevent the optimizer from planning a full scan for a specific table, specify the NO_FULL_SCAN index hint. For example:

  SELECT * FROM table_name@{NO_FULL_SCAN};
  

• To prevent a full scan of a for a specific table, you must specify NO_FULL_SCAN in combination with the index name using . For example:

  SELECT * FROM table_name@{FORCE_INDEX=index_name,NO_FULL_SCAN} WHERE b > 0;
  

  This forces a constrained scan of the partial index. If a constrained scan of the partial index is not possible, an error is returned.

For other ways to prevent full table scans, refer to .

Select historical data (time-travel)

CockroachDB lets you find data as it was stored at a given point in time using AS OF SYSTEM TIME with various . This can be also advantageous for performance. For more details, see .

Advanced uses of SELECT clauses

CockroachDB supports numerous ways to combine results from SELECT clauses together.

See for details. A few examples follow.

Sorting and limiting query results

To order the results of a SELECT clause or limit the number of rows in the result, you can combine it with ORDER BY or LIMIT / OFFSET to form a or .

See and for more details.

When ORDER BY is not included in a query, rows are not sorted by any consistent criteria. Instead, CockroachDB returns them as the coordinating node receives them. Also, CockroachDB sorts first with ASC and last with DESC. This differs from PostgreSQL, which sorts NULL values last with ASC and first with DESC.

Combining results from multiple queries

Results from two or more queries can be combined together as follows:

• Using to combine rows according to conditions on specific columns.
• Using to combine rows using inclusion/exclusion rules.

Row-level locking for concurrency control with SELECT FOR UPDATE

SELECT... FOR UPDATE exclusively locks the rows returned by a , such that other transactions trying to access those rows must wait for the transaction that locked the rows to commit or rollback.

SELECT... FOR UPDATE can be used to:

• Strengthen the isolation of a transaction. If you need to read and later update a row within a transaction, use SELECT... FOR UPDATE to acquire an exclusive lock on the row. This guarantees data integrity between the transaction’s read and write operations. For details, see .

• Order transactions by controlling concurrent access to one or more rows of a table. These other transactions are placed into a queue based on when they tried to read the values of the locked rows.

  Because this queueing happens during the read operation, the thrashing that would otherwise occur if multiple concurrently executing transactions attempt to SELECT the same data and then UPDATE the results of that selection is prevented. By preventing thrashing, SELECT... FOR UPDATE also prevents that would otherwise occur due to .

  As a result, using SELECT... FOR UPDATE leads to increased throughput and decreased tail latency for contended operations.

Note that using SELECT... FOR UPDATE does not completely eliminate the chance of . These errors can also arise due to . To eliminate the need for application-level retry logic, in addition to SELECT FOR UPDATE your application also needs to use a .

By default, CockroachDB uses the SELECT... FOR UPDATE locking mechanism during the initial row scan performed in and statement execution. To turn off implicit SELECT... FOR UPDATE locking for UPDATE and UPSERT statements, set the enable_implicit_select_for_update to false.

For an example, see .

See also